<p>Helmcken Falls is a 141 m waterfall on the Murtle River within Wells Gray Provincial Park in British Columbia, Canada. The protection of Helmcken Falls was one of the reasons for the creation of Wells Gray Provincial Park in 1939.</p><br>
<p>Helmcken Falls is the fourth highest waterfall in Canada, measured by total straight drop without a break. Higher Canadian waterfalls are Hunlen Falls in Tweedsmuir Provincial Park, Takakkaw Falls in Yoho National Park, and Della Falls in Strathcona Provincial Park, all in British Columbia.</p><br>
<p>There are six other waterfalls on the Murtle River, upstream from Helmcken Falls. The others are The Mushbowl, Dawson Falls, Majerus Falls, Horseshoe Falls, Meadow Falls and McDougall Falls. Only Helmcken, The Mushbowl and Dawson can be reached by road. Majerus, Horseshoe and McDougall Falls are accessed by trails. Meadow Falls is very difficult to view, except by air.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and naming</h2><br>
<p>The Canadian Pacific Railway surveyors in the 1870s passed to the north and made no mention of seeing the falls. Credit for discovering Helmcken Falls goes to Robert Henry Lee (1859-1935), a land surveyor working for the British Columbia government. In 1911, Lee was awarded a four-year contract to survey lands in the North Thompson and Clearwater Valleys. By 1913, he was working south of the Murtle River laying out lots for homesteaders. On July 24, 1913, he walked west along the Murtle River from his remote camp and reached the top of the waterfall. He was so impressed that he wrote a letter to Sir Richard McBride, Premier of British Columbia, requesting that the falls be named "McBride Falls". Three weeks later, Lee received a reply from the Premier stating that the waterfall was instead to be called Helmcken Falls. This name honoured John Sebastian Helmcken, a physician with the Hudson&#39;s Bay Company who arrived in Victoria in 1850. He helped bring British Columbia into Canadian Confederation in 1871. Dr. Helmcken died in 1920 at the age of 95, but never actually saw the falls himself.</p><br>
<h2>Access and trails</h2><br>
<p>A short paved side road from the main Wells Gray Park road leads to Helmcken Falls. A viewing platform on the rim of the canyon provides a panorama of the falls and canyon.</p><br>
<p>Brink Trail: A 4-km long trail starts near Dawson Falls and follows the south bank of the Murtle River to the brink of Helmcken Falls. This walk takes about 1¼ hours each way. There are no fences at the end of this trail so caution is important, especially with children and pets.</p><br>
<p>Helmcken Canyon: A 30-minute walk west from the main viewpoint follows the rim of Helmcken Canyon to an overlook of the meeting of the Murtle and Clearwater Rivers, about 250 m below.</p><br>
<p>Gattling Gorge trail: Gattling Gorge is the narrowest point of the Clearwater River, about 20 m across. It is at the head of Helmcken Canyon, upstream from the confluence with the Murtle River. A trail from the main Helmcken Falls viewpoint accesses this gorge but signage is poor. This hike takes about 1½ hours each way.</p><br>
<h2>Winter viewing</h2><br>
<p>Most tourists see Helmcken Falls in summer. A winter visit is worthwhile because the ice cone at the base often grows to 50 m tall and sometimes even higher in very cold snowy winters. It has occasionally been seen reaching halfway up the falls. The best time to view the ice cone is from late January to the end of February. The cone collapses inward sometime during March and some remnants are still visible in June. The road is plowed and sanded in winter and volunteers maintain the trails. Snow tires are essential and tire chains are recommended as a safety precaution. A network of cross-country ski trails starts near Dawson Falls, but there has been no grooming since the winter of 2011-12.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>Helmcken Falls drops over the western escarpment of the Murtle Plateau. This huge lava deposit in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field was erupted from nearby fissures starting 200,000 years ago and filled the wide valley of the Clearwater River. Layer upon layer of fresh lava created the plateau, then enormous floods eroded the lava at the close of the last ice age, about 10,000 years ago. These floods created Helmcken Canyon below the falls.</p><br>
<p>Luther Burbank Home and Gardens  is a city park containing the former home, greenhouse, gardens, and grave of noted American horticulturist Luther Burbank . It is located at the intersection of Santa Rosa Avenue and Sonoma Avenue in Santa Rosa, California, in the United States. The park is open daily without charge; a fee is charged for guided tours. It is designated as a National Historic Landmark as well as a California Historical Landmark .</p><br>
<p>Burbank lived in Santa Rosa for more than 50 years, and performed the bulk of his lifes work at this location. From 1884 to 1906 he lived in this parks Greek Revival house; he then moved across Tupper street to a house that no longer exists. After Burbank&#39;s death in 1926, his widow Elizabeth moved back to the house, where she remained until her death in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The gardens include many of Burbanks horticultural introductions, with collections of cactus, fruit trees, ornamental grasses, medicinal herbs, roses, and walnuts. Most plants are labeled with botanic and common names. The gardens greenhouse was designed and built by Burbank in 1889; Burbank&#39;s grave is nearby.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Memorial Garden is a self-governing 100-acre  woodland and prairie garden owned by the city of Springfield, Illinois and managed by the Abraham Lincoln Memorial Garden Foundation. The gardens are made up of two major units, the 63 acre Jensen section bordering Lake Springfield, and the newer 29 acre Ostermeier Prairie Center section. There are also 19 acre of additional buffer properties. As of April 2006, the Garden is maintained by a full-time staff of 4 men and women, supplemented by more than 150 volunteers and docents.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Abraham Lincoln Memorial Garden (LMG) is the inspiration of Springfield leader Harriet Knudson. When Knudson learned that the city of Springfield was acquiring land for the basin of a new reservoir, intended to serve as a source of city drinking water, she asked the city to set aside approximately 0.6 miles (1 km) of future shoreline as a garden to memorialize Abraham Lincoln. The city agreed and leased the Jensen section to Lincoln Memorial Garden in perpetuity. At the time of the lease, the future Garden site was cultivated farmland that contained approximately 12 trees.</p><br>
<p>As designer of the new garden, LMG selected Jens Jensen. A follower of the Prairie Style and its ideal of "organic architecture," Jensen designed the garden to reflect an idealized vision of the Midwestern woods and prairies. In his 1935 design, Jensen placed eight council rings, his design icon, throughout the Garden. These fire circles, built of Midwestern splitstone, are designed for groups of 12–50 people to sit together around an open fire. Most of the fire circles are situated to give all participants a view of Lake Springfield. By sitting in a fire circle, visitors have the opportunity to balance the four elements within themselves.</p><br>
<p>In 1936, the task of planting the Garden began. The Jensen plan called for 28 species of canopy trees, 14 species of intermediate-sized trees, 23 varieties of shrubs, and 11 varieties of wildflowers. All of these species are native to Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky, Lincoln&#39;s three native states; Jensen was one of the first USA landscape gardeners to eschew the use of exotic plants. Construction of the Garden was helped by donations from the family of drugstore CEO Charles Walgreen. The Garden was dedicated in 1939.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, the LMG constructed a Nature Center within the Jensen Unit. In 1992, the Jensen Unit was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places as an example of Jensen&#39;s mature landscape design. In 1995, the 29 acre Ostermeier Prairie Center was added to the Garden. The Ostermeier Unit contains approximately 20 acre of Illinois tallgrass prairie under restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and activities</h2><br>
<p>The Abraham Lincoln Memorial Garden maintains approximately five miles (8 km) of footpaths. Plantings within the Jensen Unit include the white oak (the Illinois state tree), the sugar maple, the dogwood, and the redbud. Plantings within the Ostermeier Prairie Center include prairie grasses such as big bluestem, with some fire-resistant tree specimens such as bur oak.</p><br>
<p>In early spring, LMG operates one of the southernmost maple syrup festivals in Illinois. The LMG maples yield only about 10–15 gallons of dark syrup in a good year.</p><br>
<p>In October, an Indian Summer Festival celebrates the turning of the leaves.</p><br>
<p>The garden maintains a nature center and gift store.</p><br>
<p>The Liesbeek River  is a river in Cape Town in South Africa. It is named after a small river in the Netherlands. The first "free burghers" of the Dutch East India Company were granted land to farm along the river in 1657, shortly after the first Dutch settlers arrived in the Cape. The river was originally called the Amstel or Versse Rivier. It is the first river that Jan van Riebeeck named.</p><br>
<p>The Liesbeek, which is less than 9 km long, is situated in the oldest urbanised river valley in South Africa. The headwaters flow from the eastern slopes of Table Mountain above Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens where the vegetation is largely indigenous. The slopes of Bishopscourt have large properties, including Jan van Riebeeck&#39;s farm. Water abstraction occurs here, often to water residential gardens, causing the flow to reduce during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>In Newlands, there are smaller residential plots. South African Breweries and the Josephine Mill are located here. From Rondebosch, large sections of the river are canalised, and the short sections of the river that are not canalised are degraded by erosion.</p><br>
<p>Below Rosebank and Mowbray, at Observatory, is the confluence of the Liesbeek and Black Rivers. The Two Rivers Urban Park is located on land between the Liesbeek and the Black with heritage sites and designated public open spaces. The Liesbeek empties into Table Bay at Paarden Eiland.</p><br>
<p>The Liesbeeck is home to the Platanna, or African clawed frog, an amphibian that has been important in certain areas of medical research.</p><br>
<p>El Cerro Mutún  is an iron ore deposit. Located in the Germán Busch Province in the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia, near Puerto Suárez, it extends across the border into Brazil, where it is called the Serrania de Jacadigo. Also known as the "Serrania Mutún", it has an area of about 75 square kilometers. Its estimated reserves are about 40.205 billion  tons of iron ore of 50% iron, mainly in hematite and magnetite form, and in lesser quantities in siderite and manganese minerals. This can be compared with an estimate of the total world reserves of iron ore: 800 billion tons of crude ore containing more than 230 billion tons of iron.</p><br>
<h2>Iron ore mining</h2><br>
<p>A series of attempts have been made to commercially extract the iron ore on the site, including by the Brazilian firm EBX and the Indian company Jindal Steel. Following the Jindal&#39;s 2012 exit from the country, the Mutún Steel Company (Empresa Siderúrgica del Mutún)—the state-owned partner in the previous ventures—continues to plan for operations.</p><br>
<h3>EBX foundry</h3><br>
<p>In early 2000s, Brazilian company EBX devised a project to create a foundry in El Mutún. However, the project was blocked by Bolivian president Evo Morales because of environmental concerns; instead of using natural gas available from a pipeline 20 km away, vegetable carbon was to be used for the foundry, demanding 45 hectares a day of Amazonian wood. Despite this, EBX started working anyway before obtaining its licence, under the name of MXX. The Bolivian Ministry of Defence declared that "various irregularities and constitutional violations" had been observed. On April 19, 2006, the Bolivian army freed three government ministers who had been taken hostage by villagers demanding the immediate opening of all EBX&#39;s installations. By 2007, the Bolivian government had expelled EBX from the Mutun region.</p><br>
<h3>Jindal Steel</h3><br>
<p>In 2007, India&#39;s third largest steel manufacturer, Jindal Steel and Power Limited, signed a contract with the Bolivian government to exploit the El Mutún iron ore deposit. According to the contract, Jindal would invest US$ 1.5 billion initially and an additional US$ 2.5 billion over the next eight years. This is the single largest investment by an Indian firm in Latin America. By September 2011, Jindal had obtained clearance for the project from the EIA and had hired an engineering consultant for FEED work. The project is expected to create 6,000 jobs directly and another 15,000 indirectly.</p><br>
<p>Jindal Steel planned to set up an integrated 1.7 MTPA steel plant, a 6 MTPA sponge iron plant, a 10 MTPA iron ore pellet plant and a 450 MW power plant. The project was expected to generate US$200 million in revenues for the Bolivian government, equivalent to 5% of its current revenue. The government projected that the Jindal complex would generate more than 21,000 jobs. As of 2009, Jindal had only invested US$20 million on the Mutun project due to difficulty in securing natural gas supplies from the Bolivian government for the 450MW power plant and ore smelting process. With progress on the project stalled, the Bolivian government and Jindal steel traded both accusations and demands. The government had opened criminal investigations against Jindal&#39;s executives and demanded that the full promised investment be deposited in Bolivian banks, while the company demanded these charges be dropped in exchange for a $18 million investment. Jindal announced its decision to withdraw on July 16, 2012. In August 2012 Jindal finally exited the El Mutún project.</p><br>
<p>An editorial in La Jornada alleged that contrary to contract terms, Jindal was mostly interested in extracting iron ore concentrates and exporting the raw material for further processing at its plants in India.</p><br>
<p>Beech Creek is a 27.3 mi tributary of Bald Eagle Creek in Centre and Clinton counties, in Pennsylvania in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Via Bald Eagle Creek, its water flows to the West Branch Susquehanna River, then the Susquehanna River, and ultimately to Chesapeake Bay.</p><br>
<p>Beech Creek is born at the confluence of the North and South Forks, 3.5 mi upstream of Kato, and flows for 27.3 mi to join Bald Eagle Creek, 1.8 mi downstream of the borough of Beech Creek. The abandoned grade of the Beech Creek Railroad follows it along its length, running from its mouth up to the North Fork.</p><br>
<p>At one time it was called North Branch of the Bald Eagle. It was a thoroughfare for the lumber industry, which made canals alongside the stream so it could be useful during the low water season of summer. There are 3 towns alongside it: Beech Creek borough, and 2 villages: Orviston (Centre County), and Monument (Centre and Clinton Counties).</p><br>
<p>The lower half of the creek has no fish in it due to sulfur that ran into it from coal industry times. The creek is not clearing up as fish can&#39;t survive in the water for more than 45 minutes. However, some small amounts of moss, mushrooms and wildlife on the banks are returning. Frogs, wolf spiders, bears, squirrels, snakes, groundhogs, bald eagles, deer, skunks, and many other Pennsylvania wildlife can be found alongside the stream especially in its upper region. Animals tend to avoid drinking the water, but favor the contributing tributaries. Additionally, on Beech Creek Mountain, one can find active sulfur springs. Evidence is available on Sproul State Forest (41.111978, -77.664207). The south fork of the Beech Creek stream which flows in Centre County gets stocked with trout every year.</p><br>
<p>Beech Creek flows through Beech Creek Township (Clinton County), Liberty Township (Centre County), and Curtain Township (Centre county).</p><br>
<p>The stream is abundant with sand stones, flint and granite, though in some spots clay can be found. Beech, oak, maple, ash, trembling willow and sumac trees grow along with elephant ear tall grass, fern, barberry and other plants like skunk cabbage. The stream is a good swimming stream but in certain spots it is posted,</p><br>
<p>Sebbins Pond is an approximately 20 acre body of water in Bedford, New Hampshire. It is located in the eastern part of the town, between Back River Road and the Everett Turnpike. It is named for a man with the last name of Sebbins, who in 1735 set up shop at a site near the pond to make shingles, which he then dragged down to the nearby Merrimack River to ship - two years before the first permanent settlement in Bedford in 1737.</p><br>
<p>Sebbins Pond is the largest body of water totally within the town boundaries. It is bounded on the southwest side by Camp Kettleford, which is owned and operated by the Swift Water Council of the Girl Scouts of the USA, which uses the pond for canoeing and swimming. The rest of Sebbins Pond is bounded by approximately 20 private homes, many of which are former summer cabins or houses that have been winterized and expanded. There is no public access to the pond.</p><br>
<p>The pond is fed by several springs and by a small stream draining from nearby Silver Springs Pond ("Muddy Pond" on some maps). Its outlet is Sebbins Brook, which leads southeast, combines with the outfall from Sandy Pond, and continues to the Merrimack River.</p><br>
<p>Like all water bodies greater than 10 acre in New Hampshire, Sebbins is a great pond, public property held in trust by the state.</p><br>
<p>The Loibl Pass  or Ljubelj Pass  is a high mountain pass in the Karawanks chain of the Southern Limestone Alps, linking Austria with Slovenia. The Loibl Pass road is the shortest connection between the Carinthian town of Ferlach and Tržič in Upper Carniola and part of the European route E652 from Klagenfurt to Naklo.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain pass is located just on the Austrian-Slovenian border at 1,367 metres above the Adriatic (4,485 ft), east of the Stol massif. The mountain road (Loiblpass Straße, B 91), one of the steepest in the Eastern Alps, winds up from the broad Drava valley in numerous hairpin curves to the top of the pass, parallel to the Loiblbach brook and the picturesque Tscheppa (Čepa) gorge with several waterfalls. From the Kleiner Loibl (Sapotnica) pass, a small road branches off to the remote Bodental valley. Since 1963-64 the traffic passes through a two-lane tunnel at 1,069 m underneath the mountain crest. South of the pass, the road (No. 101) runs down via Podljubelj to Tržič in the Sava valley and further to the A2 motorway. Nearby mountain passes are Wurzen Pass in the west and Seeberg Saddle in the east.</p><br>
<p>Formerly one of the most important road connections between the Carinthian capital Klagenfurt and Kranj in Carniola, the significance of Loibl Pass has diminished since 1991, when the 7,864 m long Karawanken Motorway Tunnel, connecting the Austrian Karawanken Autobahn (A 11) from Villach with the Slovenian A2 motorway to Ljubljana, was opened. Today the pass road is closed for heavy traffic. Border controls were abolished when Slovenia joined the Schengen Area effective from 21 December 2007, but have been restored temporarily for entry to Austria in the wake of an increased number of illegal border crossings during the "European migrant crisis" of 2015-2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Different trails were used since ancient times, connecting Virunum in the Roman province of Noricum with Emona (at present-day Ljubljana). In medieval times, the strategic importance of Loibl Pass increased again, when in the 11th century Emperor Henry III separated the southeastern March of Carniola from the Carinthia. The Patriarchs of Aquileia, governing the margraviate fom 1077, entrusted the maintenance of the pass road to the Cistercian monks of newly established Viktring Abbey, who had a hospitium and a chapel dedicated to Saint Leonard erected. Nevertheless, the monks had to rival with claims raised by the local Lords of Hollenburg (Humberk) Castle, who took over the possessions by 1488. Since 1335, both the Carinthian and Carniolan Imperial estates in the north and south were ruled by the Habsburg dukes of Austria.</p><br>
<p>The pass became an important trade route after the City of Trieste went under the umbrella of the Habsburg archdukes in the late 14th century. From about 1560 the Carinthian estates had the former bridle path extended and a 150 m (500 ft) long tunnel built underneath the Karawanks ridge, an early example of modern engineering that later had to be removed due to lack of safety. Another attempt was planned in the 17th century; however, when in 1728 Emperor Charles VI toured the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, he still had to travel over the Loibl summit, stopping by the Deutscher Peter tavern north of the pass. Thereafter he ordered the expansion of the mountain road as part of the long-distance route from the Austrian capital Vienna to the Port of Trieste. Two obelisks were erected at the top of the pass to commemorate his stay.</p><br>
<h2>Loibl Tunnel</h2><br>
<p>During World War II, a 1,570 m meter long tunnel was built at 1,068 m above sea level by command of the Nazi Gauleiter of Carinthia, Friedrich Rainer, to bypass the steep upper parts of the mountain road. Work was performed by the Viennese Universale Hoch- und Tiefbau construction company, employing 660 civilian workers, several posted by the Service du travail obligatoire of Vichy France, and 1,652 forced labourers supplied by contract with the SS. These prisoners were interned in two minor subcamps of the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, one on each side of the pass. They were put under the command of Obersturmführer Julius Ludolf, who served in Mauthausen since 1940 and was notorious for his excessive beatings.</p><br>
<p>Tunnel construction started on the south side in March 1943. The first forced labourers arrived at Tržič in June and were immediately transported to Loibl Pass by SS personnel. Most of the inmates were POWs and political prisoners. They were interned with German and Austrian criminals who assumed Kapo functions. Under inhumane conditions, about 40 forced labourers died either from starvation and exhaustion, or were killed by mistreatment, work-related accidents and rockfalls. By August, Ludolf was removed from his post after the construction company complained about the number of inmates that became incapable of working due to beatings and torture. To keep the work force efficient, hundreds of injured or sick prisoners were sent back to the main camp, or if unable to be transported were executed on-site by camp physician Sigbert Ramsauer (de) by petrol injection.</p><br>
<p>The breakthrough of the tunnel happened in December 1943. Rainer and several high-ranking SS members came to inspect the project. The first Wehrmacht army vehicles passed through the very tight tunnel on 4 December 1944. Military traffic, German soldiers retreating from the Yugoslav Front and refugees used the tunnel until it was closed in 1947. At the end of the war, on 7 May 1945, the surviving 950 prisoners from the two camps were largely abandoned by the guards and began marching down to Feistritz im Rosental, where they met Yugoslav Partisans on the following day. As the survivors had in effect freed themselves, theirs were the only subcamps of Mauthausen-Gusen not to be either evacuated or liberated.</p><br>
<p>An American military court sentenced commandant Julius Ludolf to death on 13 May 1946. British military courts sentenced two other SS commanders of the camps, Jakob Winkler and Walter Briezke, to death on 10 November 1947, and sentenced camp physician Sigbert Ramsauer to life imprisonment on 10 October 1947. Ramsauer was released in 1954, however, and soon obtained an employment at the Klagenfurt state hospital. Today plaques at the Austrian tunnel portal and a memorial on the Slovenian side, erected at the site of the southern Loibl camp, commemorate the injustices. A joint memorial service was held on 13 June 2015.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel reopened as a border crossing between Austria and the Federal People&#39;s Republic of Yugoslavia in 1950 and expanded in the early 1960s to two lanes in November 1963. The old road over the summit of the mountain pass has been closed for motorised traffic since 1967.</p><br>
<p>The Donaukanal  is a former arm of the river Danube, now regulated as a water channel , within the city of Vienna, Austria . It is 17.3 km  long and, unlike the Danube itself, it borders Vienna&#39;s city centre, Innere Stadt, where the Wien River  flows into it.</p><br>
<p>"Donaukanal", aeiou Encyclopedia (see below: External links).</p><br>
<p>The Donaukanal bifurcates from the main river at the Nußdorf weir and lock complex, in Döbling, and joins it again just upstream of the "Praterspitz", at the Prater park in Simmering. The island thus formed between the Donaukanal and the Danube holds 2 of the 23 districts of Vienna: Brigittenau (20th District) and Leopoldstadt (2nd District). The canal is crossed by 15 road bridges and 5 train bridges.</p><br>
<p>Because in German, the name Kanal, which has been used since about 1700, evokes associations of an open sewer, attempts at renaming the Donaukanal have been made (one suggestion was Kleine Donau&mdash;Little Danube) but have not met with success.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name "Donaukanal" ("Danube Canal"), has been used since 1686, for the southern branch of the River Danube in Vienna. Originally a natural branch, during 1598-1600, it was regulated for the first time by Baron von Hoyos.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, the Schwimmtor, a movable floating barrier, was constructed near the upstream entrance to the canal. It was designed to protect the canal from floods and drift ice, and entered service in 1873. The Nußdorf weir and lock complex were constructed between 1894 and 1899, and provide a greater degree of flood control than the Schwimmtor. However the Schwimmtor remained in use until World War I, and was not scrapped until 1945.</p><br>
<h2>Usage</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1990s, work started in the southern section of the Donaukanal (between the 2nd and 3rd districts) to create a recreation area along its banks.</p><br>
<p>The paths on both sides of the Donaukanal are regularly used by joggers, cyclists and skaters. Recently, there have been successful attempts during the summer months at turning the place into a more attractive recreational area (summer stages, flea markets, cafés, etc.).</p><br>
<p>Boat rides circling Leopoldstadt and Brigittenau via the Donaukanal and Danube start at Schwedenplatz, close to the city centre. The same location provides the Vienna terminal of the Twin City Liner fast ferry service that links Vienna with Bratislava, transiting the Donaukanal to reach the Danube.</p><br>
<p>The Donaukanaltreiben Festival is held every year in June in several locations along the Donaukanal. Mainly Austrian professional and amateur bands are invited but from year to year the organisers invite bands from the neighbouring countries.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural influences</h2><br>
<p>The banks of the Donaukanal were immortalized by Heinz Conrads in his song "A schräge Wiesn" ("A Sloping Lawn&quot later covered by Willi Resetarits and Rainhard Fendrich), where the hero, Franz, chooses not to go on holiday. Instead, he spends his spare time napping on the grassy slopes next to the Donaukanal.</p><br>
<p>Spindletop Hall, located at 3414 Iron Works Pike in Lexington, KY, is the former home of Pansy Yount, wife of Miles Franklin Yount of the Yount-Lee Oil Company. It is currently the home of the University of Kentucky&#39;s staff, faculty, and alumni club, which was founded in 1962.</p><br>
<h2>History of Spindletop Hall</h2><br>
<p>On November 14, 1925, Frank Yount struck oil at the Spindletop field in Beaumont, Texas. The field, which had basically played out since its original discovery on January 10, 1901, produced from new strata over 340,000 barrels of oil an acre per year, pumping in excess of 50 million barrels within 5 years. Now financially secure, Miles Frank and wife, Pansy, established in Beaumont a stable of American Saddlebred horses, quickly becoming recognized as a leader in the industry.</p><br>
<p>One day shy of the eighth anniversary of Spindletops second discovery, Frank Yount died of a heart attack at age 53 on November 13, 1933. Left as the beneficiary of great wealth, Younts widow, Pansy, mired in controversy in Beaumont, chose Kentucky as the place she would start anew. Spindletop Farm was established in 1935 on 836 acre of land, known previously as Shoshone Stud Farm, owned by W. R. Coe.</p><br>
<p>At a cost of one million dollars, construction of Spindletop Hall began in 1935 and took two years to complete. Mrs. Yount deemed the house to be a showplace of Kentucky, a modern mansion of classical architecture. When completed, the mansion housed 40 rooms, each with its own thermostat, 14 bathrooms, 133 full-size exterior and interior doors, 102 windows with screens of copper, and 11 fireplaces, all encompassing over 45,000 ft&sup2; of floor space. At the time of its construction, the circular staircase and the 30X60 foot living room were the largest in Kentucky. Eventually, Mrs. Yount expanded the farm to 1,066 acre. On the property were seven miles (11 km) of metal fences, 17 houses for servants and farm hands, and 18 barns. There was a greenhouse, swimming pool, bath house, tennis court, two aviaries, and three kennels. Pansy Yount lived at Spindletop Hall with her adopted daughter, Mildred, and William Capers "Cape" Grant, her third husband and horse trainer. She was considered "new money" by the Kentucky Blue Bloods and was never accepted into their social circle.</p><br>
<p>In early 1959, Spindletop Farm was sold/donated to The University of Kentucky for $850,000. Mrs. Yount died in 1962. Also in 1962, Spindletop Hall became the residence of the University of Kentucky Faculty, Staff, and Alumni Club. The club&#39;s roster has grown from around 500 memberships to nearly 1800 families and individuals.</p><br>
<h2>Inside the mansion</h2><br>
<h3>The main floor</h3><br>
<p>Grand Entrance Hall</p><br>
<p>At the time the house was constructed, the heavy bronze doors which grace the foyer (and a similar pair which open from the library to the porte-cochere) cost $14,000. The original imported rug was designed to match the elaborately molded plaster ceiling. The fretwork panels in the stairwells serve as echo chambers for the four keyboard Kimball organ in the music room. Slipcovers, which the owner never removed (this is also true for all draperies in the mansion), hid the Italian velvet draperies. The massive bronze chandelier, which was designed in Europe, was made in three separate sections. The wall panels were handpainted in themes representative of mythology.</p><br>
<p>Music Room</p><br>
<p>To the right of the Grand Entrance Hall is the Music Room. The Show Cabinet adjacent to the fireplace wall encased two Stradivarius violins, among other quality musical instruments like a Welte-Kimball automatic organ.</p><br>
<p>The walls are burled mahogany with ceramic trim. The mantel is made of imported marble. An Aubosson carpet (since replaced) complemented the paneled walls. The crystal chandeliers and wall sconces were made in Czechoslovakia.</p><br>
<p>Library</p><br>
<p>Steps lead from the music room to the Library. There were in excess of 7,000 volumes here prior to Mrs. Yount&#39;s donation of the property. The current collection is courtesy of gifts from the membership of Spindletop. The center of the room is a fireplace mantel which was removed from Trentham Hall in Staffordshire, England. The bronze doors lead to the porte-cochere. An Oriental rug, which cost over $40,000, originally laid over the hardwood floor.</p><br>
<p>Elizabethan Living Room (Oak Room)</p><br>
<p>Formal Dining Room</p><br>
<p>Kitchens</p><br>
<p>Informal Dining Room</p><br>
<p>French Powder Room</p><br>
<h3>Upper level</h3><br>
<p>Adam Suite (Manion Suite)</p><br>
<p>Louis XVI Suite (Yount Suite)</p><br>
<p>Mr. Grant&#39;s Room (Board of Directors Room)</p><br>
<p>The Colonial Room (Kentucky Room)</p><br>
<p>Linen closet</p><br>
<p>Guest Rooms and Baths (Administrative offices)</p><br>
<p>Spanish Room (Sales and Operations offices)</p><br>
<p>Bartolomé Island  is a volcanic islet in the Galápagos Islands group. It is a volcanic islet just off the east coast of Santiago Island. It is one of the "younger" islands in the Galápagos archipelago. This island, and Sulivan Bay on Santiago island, are named after naturalist and lifelong friend of Charles Darwin, Sir Bartholomew James Sulivan, who was a lieutenant aboard HMS Beagle.</p><br>
<p>With a total land area of just 1.2 km&sup2, this island offers some of the most beautiful landscapes in the archipelago. The island consists of an extinct volcano and a variety of red, orange, green, and glistening black volcanic formations.</p><br>
<p>Bartolomé has a volcanic cone that is easy to climb and provides great views of the other islands. Bartolomé is famous for its Pinnacle Rock, which is the distinctive characteristic of this island, and the most representative landmark of the Galápagos.</p><br>
<p>It has two visitor sites. At the first one, one may swim and snorkel around Pinnacle Rock; the underwater world there is really impressive. Snorkelers are in the water with the penguins, marine turtles, white-tipped reef sharks, and other tropical fish. The bay is also an excellent place to go swimming. The twin bays are separated by a narrow isthmus.</p><br>
<p>Galápagos penguins are frequently seen, and a small cave behind Pinnacle Rock houses a breeding colony.</p><br>
<p>Seasonally, Bartolomé is the mating and nesting site for the green turtles. With herons, they make use of the gentler beaches.</p><br>
<p>The Galápagos lava cacti colonize the new lava fields.</p><br>
<p>Jackson Square is a historic park in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960, for its central role in the city&#39;s history, and as the site where in 1803 Louisiana was made United States territory pursuant to the Louisiana Purchase. In 2012 the American Planning Association designated Jackson Square as one of America’s Great Public Spaces.</p><br>
<h2>Design and development</h2><br>
<p>Jackson Square was designed after the famous 17th-century Place des Vosges in Paris, France, by the architect and landscape architect Louis H. Pilié. Jackson Square is roughly the size of a city block (GPS +29.95748 -090.06310).</p><br>
<p>Sculptor Clark Mills&#39; equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (a recasting of the Washington, D.C., statue), hero of the Battle of New Orleans and seventh USA President for whom the former military parade ground was named, was erected in 1856. Iron fences, walkways, benches, and Parisian-style landscaping remain intact from the original design by Micaela Almonester, Baroness de Pontalba, in 1851. She also built the Pontalba Buildings, which flank the old square.</p><br>
<p>The flagpole, symbolizing the 1803 ceremonial transfers from Spain to France and then from France to the United States, reflects Louisiana&#39;s rich colonial history. During the 1930s, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) repainted façades, renovated buildings, and improved landscaping in and around the park. In 1971, the pedestrian zone in the vicinity of Jackson Square was created, when three surrounding streets were closed to vehicular traffic — Chartres, St. Peter, and St. Ann.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Early French colonial New Orleans was centered on what was then called the Place dArmes ( "weapons square"). Under Spanish colonial administration in the second half of the 18th century, the name was Plaza de Armas.</p><br>
<p>Following the 1815 Battle of New Orleans, during the first half of the 19th century, the former military plaza was renamed Jackson Square, for the battle&#39;s victorious General Jackson. In the center of the park stands an equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson erected in 1856, one of four identical statues in the USA by the sculptor Clark Mills. The statue was dedicated in a grand ceremony on Saturday, February 9, 1856. The square also has 4 slightly older statues, neoclassical representations of personifications of the 4 Seasons, one near each corner of the square.</p><br>
<p>The square originally overlooked the Mississippi River across Decatur Street, but the view was blocked in the 19th century by the construction of higher levees. The riverfront was long devoted to shipping docks. The 20th-century administration of Mayor Moon Landrieu installed a scenic boardwalk on top of the levee to reconnect the city to the river; it is known as the "Moon Walk" in his honor, and has since been expanded and paved. The space between Decatur Street and the "Moon Walk" is designated as "Washington Artillery Park".</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the square are three 18th-century historic buildings, which were the citys heart in the colonial era. The center of the three is St. Louis Cathedral. The cathedral was designated as a minor Basilica by Pope Paul VI. To its left is the Cabildo, the old city hall, now a museum, where the final version of the Louisiana Purchase was signed. To the cathedrals right is the Presbytère, built to match the Cabildo. The Presbytère was initially planned for housing the city&#39;s Roman Catholic priests and other church officials. At the start of the 19th century, it was adapted as a courthouse, and in the 20th century it became a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Place dArmes was the site for public execution of criminals and rebellious slaves during the 18th and early 19th centuries. After the 1811 German Coast Uprising, three slaves were hanged here. The heads of some of the executed rebels were put on the citys gates.(The same thing happened in St. Charles Parish, and a third slave-trial tribunal was held in St. John the Baptist Parish.)</p><br>
<p>In the Reconstruction Era, Jackson Square served as an arsenal. During the insurrection following the disputed 1872 gubernatorial election, in March 1873, it was the site of the Battle of Jackson Square. A several-thousand-man militia under John McEnery, the Democratic claimant to the office of the Governor, defeated the New Orleans militia, seizing control of the state&#39;s buildings and armory for a few days. They retreated before the arrival of Federal forces, which temporarily re-established order.</p><br>
<h2>Artists, musicians, and New Age</h2><br>
<p>From the 1920s through the 1980s the square was famous as a gathering place of painters of widely varying talents, including proficient professionals, talented young art students, amateurs, and caricaturists.</p><br>
<p>The 1960s and 1970s saw the beginnings of the Square as a place of business for New Age and pagan devotees telling fortunes and reading palms and tarot cards. They sit on St. Ann or St. Peter street, alongside of the park.</p><br>
<p>Chartres St., in front of Saint Louis Cathedral, the Presbytère, and the Cabildo, is shared by visitors and artists, musicians, and varied street performers, such as jugglers and magicians. The performers generally work for tips.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest and events</h2><br>
<p>On the other two sides of the square are the Pontalba Buildings, matching red-brick, block-long, 4‑story buildings built in the 1840s. The ground floors house shops and restaurants; the upper floors are apartments, the oldest continuously-rented apartments in North America.</p><br>
<p>Diagonally across Decatur Street upriver from Jackson Square is the Jax Brewery building, the original home of a favorite local beer. After the company ceased to operate independently, the building was converted into several businesses, including restaurants and specialty shops. In recent years, some retail space has been converted into luxury condominiums.</p><br>
<p>Diagonally across Decatur Street downriver from the square is Café du Monde, open 24 hours a day. Part of the historic French Market, it is known for its café au lait, prepared with chicory, and for its beignets, served there continuously since the Civil War days.</p><br>
<p>Jackson Square has been the site of hundreds of live music events, including the September 9, 2010, Dave Matthews Band and Taylor Swift performance to kick off the 2010 NFL season for the Super Bowl Champion New Orleans Saints.</p><br>
<p>Every year, the square hosts the French Quarter Festival and Caroling in Jackson Square. Occasionally, formal concerts are given in the park.</p><br>
<h2>Representation in media</h2><br>
<p>Jackson Square has been filmed in numerous television shows and movies. Among these are the films Angel Heart, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, King Creole, and television series K-Ville, Treme,Memphis Beat and The Originals (TV series).</p><br>
<p>It is the setting of an early scene in the graphic novel Polly and the Pirates by Ted Naifeh. In the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "", Joseph Sisko (Brock Peters) reveals that he met his first wife Sarah (Deborah Lacey) in Jackson Square. Jackson Square is one of the most important locations that can be visited in the computer game Gabriel Knight: Sins of the Fathers. The park is a crucial site, with much of the game&#39;s action focusing on it and a number of characters making their appearance there.</p><br>
<p>In the 2017 novel Poisoned Tears, by Honduran author J. H. Bográn, one of the victims of the novel&#39;s serial killer is found in Jackson Square.</p><br>
<p>The Philtower Building is a historic building located at 427 South Boston Avenue in Tulsa, Oklahoma.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Completed in 1928, it was designed by Edward Buehler Delk and financed by renowned oilman and dedicated philanthropist Waite Phillips (1883–1964). Associated architects Keene & Simpson performed architectural supervision in the construction of the building. In 1941, Phillips deeded the Philtower Building to the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), along with most of his Philmont Ranch and Villa Philmonte. The income from the building was used to help support Philmont. In 1977, the BSA sold the Building to a group of local investors. This group, The Philtower LLC, is the current owner. It is an example of neo-gothic and art deco architecture.</p><br>
<p>According to the Tulsa Preservation Commission, the building represents the Gothic Revival architecture style. A notable feature is the illuminated, sloping tiled roof. The office on the 21st floor that was used by Waite Phillips has been preserved.</p><br>
<p>Originally built as a high-rise office building, floors 12–20 were converted to loft apartments in 2004, making the Philtower Tulsa&#39;s first mixed use high-rise. The building has 24 floors and is 323 feet tall.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Silver Lake is a dry lake bed in the Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County, California, along Interstate 15, 100 km northeast of Barstow.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Silver Lake, along with the adjacent Soda Lake, is what remains of Lake Mojave, a large, perennial lake that existed through the Holocene.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Mojave River terminates at Soda Lake, but the river has flowed into Silver Lake in historic times (as recently as the very wet winter of 2004–2005). A channel that has been modified by humans exists between the lakes. The lake occasionally has water, but is usually dry.</p><br>
<p>Silver Lake does not have salt crusts, like Soda Lake does, because the groundwater is deeper. Salt crusts form from the repeated capillary rise of salty groundwater, followed by evaporation.</p><br>
<p>Darwin Island  is named in honor of Charles Darwin, and is among the smallest in the Galápagos Archipelago with an area of just 1 km&sup2;. With no dry landing sites, Darwin Island&#39;s main attractions are found in the Pacific Ocean, which is teeming with a spectacular variety of marine life.</p><br>
<p>Although the island had been marked on maps and had initially been given the name Culpepper Island on Admiralty charts, the first landing on Darwin Island was not until 1964, by helicopter.</p><br>
<p>The small detached group formed by Darwin Island and Wolf Island is sometimes referred to as Darwin and Wolf or Darwin-Wolf, formerly Culpepper and Wenman.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Darwin Island is the remains of an extinct volcano that reaches 165 m above sea level. It is situated northwest of the main Galápagos Island group on the Wolf-Darwin Lineament, which extends from the Galápagos Platform to the Galápagos Spreading Center, a mid-ocean ridge separating the Nazca and Cocos tectonic plates. The formation of Darwin Island is different from the formation of the main Galápagos Islands. There are currently two theories on the formation of the lineament: the first is that magma rising from the mantle plume forming the main Galápagos Islands has been channelled towards the Galápagos Spreading Center; alternatively there has been a separate rise in magma caused by stress in the ocean lithosphere by a transform fault.</p><br>
<p>Darwin Island is the most northerly of the two peaks on the Wolf Darwin Lineament that reach above the surface. The other, Wolf Island, is approximately 40 km away, although there are other sub-surface peaks. The volcano that forms the island is extinct, with the last eruption believed to have been approximately 400,000 years ago, making it younger than Wolf. The lava flows around Darwin are homogenous, apparently because of its young age, and they have a similar chemical composition to those of the Galápagos Spreading Center.</p><br>
<p>Darwin is believed to have had at least two eruptive periods in its history, depositing two tuff layers separated by plagioclase ultraphyric basalt. Evidence also exists to suggest that Darwin Island is the remains of what was once a much larger edifice. Since the eruptive phase this would have been eroded.</p><br>
<p>Darwins Arch, a natural rock arch which would at one time have been part of this larger structure, is located less than a kilometre from the main Darwin Island, and is a landmark well known to the islands few visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Darwin Island is not open to land visits. As a result, the only visitors are those that come to scuba dive, even here due to the distance from the main island only a limited number of liveaboard ships cruise here.</p><br>
<p>The marine life at Darwin is diverse with large schools of fish. The island’s waters attract whale sharks from June to November, as well as hammerhead, Galápagos, silky and blacktip sharks. In addition green turtles, manta rays and dolphins can be found.</p><br>
<p>The island also supports a large bird population, including frigatebirds, red-footed boobies and the vampire finch.</p><br>
<p>Keokuk National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Keokuk in Lee County, Iowa. It encompasses 22.7 acre, and as of the end of 2005, had 4,638 interments. It is administered by Rock Island National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Keokuk National Cemetery was created in a separate, donated plot of Oakland Cemetery during the American Civil War as a place to inter veterans who died in the five military hospitals in the area. By the end of the Civil War, the cemetery had the interments of over 600 Union soldiers, and 8 Confederate prisoners of war.</p><br>
<p>In 1908 when Fort Yates, North Dakota was abandoned, the remains in its post cemetery were moved to Keokuk National Cemetery. In 1948, another post cemetery, in Des Moines, Iowa, also had its remains moved to the National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Keokuk National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>The Unknown Soldiers monument, a large granite obelisk topped with the figure of a Confederate soldier, erected in 1912.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Major General Samuel Ryan Curtis, American Civil War officer commanding, Battle of Pea Ridge, Battle of Westport.</p><br>
<p>Private First Class John F. Thorson, Medal of Honor recipient for action in World War II.</p><br>
<p>One Commonwealth war grave, of a Royal Canadian Air Force airman of World War II.</p><br>
<p>Rock Island National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located within Rock Island Arsenal near the city of Rock Island, Illinois. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 66 acre, and as of the end of 2006, had 24,525 interments. The cemetery is also nearing compliance with the National Shrine guidelines, due to its use of college students during the summer to reset and realign stones. When looking from any one stone there should be seven lines visible and all should be straight.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was established in 1863 as a place to inter the remains of American Civil War Union army soldiers. Its initial placement interfered with expansion of the Arsenals facilities, so it was moved to a location on the northern end of the island. Civil War veterans who were interred in Oakdale Cemetery in Davenport, Iowa, were later disinterred and moved to the National Cemetery. Property transfers from the Arsenal in 1926, 1936, and 1950 increased the cemeterys area. There are plans for further expansion of this cemetery including an addition pavilion, more land, and a wall for cremations near the tank track.</p><br>
<p>A second, 2 acre cemetery was established near Rock Island National Cemetery to bury Confederate prisoners of war, nearly two thousand of which would die while in captivity on the island, primarily from the harsh living conditions.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Gene Baker (1925–1999), Major League Baseball player, coach, and scout.</p><br>
<p>Lane Evans (1951-2014), Congressman, Illinois&#39;s 17th congressional district</p><br>
<p>Private First Class Edward J. Moskala, Medal of Honor recipient for action in World War II.</p><br>
<p>Jeff Pfeffer (1888–1972), Major League Baseball player from 1911 to 1924.</p><br>
<p>Brevet Brigadier General Thomas Jackson Rodman, commander at the Rock Island Arsenal; developed the Rodman gun</p><br>
<p>Private First Class Frank Peter Witek, Medal of Honor recipient for action in World War II.</p><br>
<p>Natchez National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Natchez overlooking the Mississippi River in Adams County, Mississippi. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 25.7 acre, and as of the end of 2005, had 7,154 interments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original site of the cemetery was purchased from local residents in 1866, to inter Union soldiers who died in the Civil War. Remains from battlefield and post cemeteries from around the region were brought to the cemetery to be reinterred. In 1866 a large number of soldiers who were buried in the levees of the west bank of the Mississippi River were exhumed and transferred to the National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Natchez National Cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Landsman Wilson Brown, Medal of Honor recipient for action aboard USS Hartford at the Battle of Mobile Bay during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Puvunga  is an ancient village and burial site thought to have once been populated by the Tongva  people, who are the indigenous inhabitants of the region around Los Angeles, California. The site is located near the Earl Burns Miller Japanese Garden on the campus of present-day California State University, Long Beach along the banks of a now channelized creek, about three miles  from the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Puvunga is believed to be the birthplace of Chingishnish, the major deity or culture hero in Tongva mythology, and claimed as sacred, by some Tongva tribal council representatives.</p><br>
<p>A portion of the site (which is unmarked with a sign or other informational marker) comprises a natural area located at the edge of campus, near a parking lot. At one time this site had a natural spring, and the location is sometimes referred to as Puvunga Spring. Another similar (but larger) Tongva site is Kuruvungna Springs on the grounds of University High School in Los Angeles.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1960s the Tongva people have sought to preserve the Puvunga site from development, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. However, the university has challenged this designation, claiming they were not consulted when the application was filed. In 1992, when the university began its first attempts to build a strip mall on this last undeveloped portion of the campus, the Tongva people initiated protests and filed a lawsuit which have temporarily stalled any construction. The site remains as an undeveloped grassy area, with a few trees.</p><br>
<p>Ethnohistoric evidence clearly identifies Puvungna with Rancho Los Alamitos, a portion of which became the Cal State Long Beach campus. More than a dozen archaeological sites spread over an area of about 500 acre on and near the campus have been identified as Puvungna village sites. Most of these have been destroyed by development.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, campus workmen uncovered portions of an Indian burial on one of these sites, LAn-235, located on the western edge of campus. These remains were placed in CSULB&#39;s archaeology lab. A few years later, LAn-235 was placed on the National Register of Historic Places to "represent" Puvungna "as a means of perpetuating the memory of these native peoples and their religion, and as an aid to the program of public education." Two other sites were included in the National Register: the adjacent LAn-234 and LAn-306, located just east of campus on the grounds of the historic Rancho Los Alamitos.</p><br>
<p>The River Mahon  flows from the Comeragh Mountains in County Waterford, Ireland.</p><br>
<p>Falling down the 80-metre Mahon Falls and proceeding past the "Fairy Bush",(fairy bush is now chopped down) the river then passes through the village of Mahon Bridge and on past Flahavans Mill and under the 8-arched rail bridge in Kilmacthomas. In former times, the river powered five different mills, one at Mahon Bridge, three at Kilmacthomas and one at Ballylaneen. The river is joined by the Ách Mór tributary river at Ballylaneen and ends its journey three miles further downstream at Bunmahon on Irelands south coast. It drains into the region of the Atlantic Ocean known as the Celtic Sea.</p><br>
<p>The river is popular with whitewater kayakers. There has been no known source-to-sea descent to date but the river has been paddled from Mahon Bridge to the sea at Bonmahon by an international team of B1 and B2 kayakers in August 2012.</p><br>
<p>On 21 October 2005, Michael Reynolds, a kayaker from Tramore, County Waterford, performed the only known descent in a kayak of the vertical 55 foot drop at the top of Mahon falls.</p><br>
<p>The University Cottage Club is one of eleven current eating clubs at Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. It is also one of the six bicker clubs, along with The Ivy Club, Tiger Inn, Cap and Gown Club, Cannon Club and Tower Club.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1884, a group of freshmen who called themselves "The Seven Wise Men of Grease" of the Class of 1888, chose to eat in a private room on the second floor of Dohm’s Restaurant on Nassau Street across from the campus. In their sophomore year, the group moved up Nassau Street to a hotel on the corner of Railroad Avenue (now University Place) known as The University Hotel. In September of their junior year as they were joined by several other students, they found a small house immediately south of The University Hotel on Railroad Avenue (where Hamilton Hall now stands) owned by the college, known as "The University Cottage". A couple was hired to cook and serve their meals. Prior to their graduation in 1888, the group invited members from the sophomore class to join their new venue. In 1889, new members of this society adopted legal papers and agreed on the name "The University Cottage Club of Princeton."</p><br>
<p>In 1890, a lot on Prospect Avenue (upon which today’s clubhouse stands) was purchased and a shingled Victorian clubhouse was built in 1892. The enrollment continued to grow and this structure was moved to Library Place when plans were made for a larger building. The current -story Georgian Revival clubhouse was designed by Charles Follen McKim of the New York architectural firm McKim, Mead and White in 1903 and built in 1906.</p><br>
<p>The library on the second floor is modeled on the fourteenth century library in Merton College, Oxford University. In the Dining Room, one such carving reads “Ubi Amici Ibidem Sunt Opes” (“Where there are friends there are riches”) which has become over the years a motto of the Club.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, Cottage Club was one of three all-male eating clubs sued by 1980 Princeton graduate Sally Frank for sex discrimination. Ms. Frank prevailed in 1985. Following the suit, the Club voted to admit women in early 1986. Cottage has historically been numbered among the "Big Four" eating clubs of Princeton University (the others are Ivy, Cap and Gown, and Tiger Inn).</p><br>
<p>Recent renovations have kept the club in first-class condition while preserving its historic beauty. Many young literary enthusiasts like to visit the library where F. Scott Fitzgerald began his novel This Side of Paradise.</p><br>
<p>On September 14, 1999, the Club was entered onto the New Jersey Register of Historic Places. On November 15, 1999, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places based on the architectural structure of the building, high degree of historic integrity, and significant cultural contributions to the community.</p><br>
<p>Overland Lake is a glacial tarn in the Ruby Mountains of Elko County in the northeastern part of the state of Nevada. It is located at the head of Overland Canyon at approximately 40°27.6N and 115°27.4W, and at an elevation of 9,450 feet . It has an area of approximately 15 acres , and a depth of up to 55 feet . The Ruby Crest National Recreation Trail runs along the eastern shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Overland Lake is the principal source of Overland Creek, which after exiting the mountains flows into Ruby Valley. It was originally named Marian Lake by geologist Clarence King, after his sister, and was the subject of several famous paintings and photographs. This name, however, was lost, and the name of the lake became associated with the Overland Mail and Stage Route, which passed nearby.</p><br>
<p>The Lake McDonald Lodge is a historic lodge located within Glacier National Park, on the southeast shore of Lake McDonald. The lodge is a 3-1/2-story structure built in 1913 based on Kirtland Cutters design. The foundation and first floor walls are built of stone, with a wood-frame superstructure. The lobby is a large, open space that extends to the third story. It has a massive fireplace and a concrete floor scored in a flagstone pattern, with messages in several Indian languages inscribed into it. The rustic lodge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 as one of the nations finest examples of large-scale Swiss chalet architecture. Lake McDonald Lodge is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lake McDonald Lodge, initially known as the Lewis Glacier Hotel, was the second hotel on the site. The first, the Snyder Hotel, was built by George Snyder in 1895. It was accessed by a steamboat that ran the 10 mi from the Apgar area to the hotel, preceded by a two-mile trip on a horse-drawn carriage and a ferry trip over the Middle Fork Flathead River.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis Glacier Hotel lodge was built in 1913 by John Lewis, a land speculator from Columbia Falls, Montana. He bought the land, amounting to about 285 acre, in 1904-5 and had the hotel built during a period when the Great Northern Railway was building other hotels and backcountry chalets, including Many Glacier Hotel, Glacier Park Lodge, Granite Park Chalet, Sperry Chalet, and Two Medicine Store. This movement was part of a trend by railroads during that time to build destination resorts in areas of exceptional scenic value. Railroads wanted to attract tourists and create resorts that were equal to the scenery, and private operators like John Lewis had to build equally impressive facilities in order to keep up.The Lewis hotel, designed by the Spokane firm of Kirtland, Cutter and Malmbren, was a much more ambitious undertaking. The hotel was built in 1913-14, working through the winter months, and opened in June 1914. The new hotel was designed to continue the Swiss cottage theme already developed by the Great Northern railway hotels. Artist Charles M. Russell was a frequent guest at the hotel in the 1920s, and is claimed to have etched pictographs in the dining room&#39;s original fireplace hearth.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, the Great Northern Railway acquired the hotel through its subsidiary, the Glacier Park Hotel Company. The hotel&#39;s name was changed to Lake McDonald Lodge in 1957. It was damaged in a flash flood in 1964 that destroyed the fireplace and the Russell etchings. The Glacier Park Hotel Company was sold to the Dial Corporation in 1981, then spun off with the Viad company. The lodge was extensively renovated in 1988-89, restoring details that had been obscured over time or damaged by the Snyder Creek 1964 flood. Today, the lodge maintains its historic character. The hotel also includes a number of small cottages located nearby, as well as a motor inn. The main lodge was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Lake McDonald Lodge faces the lake, where early visitors arrived. With the construction of the Going-to-the-Sun Road, visitors began to arrive at what had, until then, been the rear of the hotel, which still retains its character as a secondary entrance despite the traffic it receives. Road access arrived by 1921. The main building is 3-1/2 stories high, with a stone foundation and wood framing above. Exposed stone surfaces on the exterior have mostly been covered with white stucco. The upper floors are clad in brown wood clapboards, with sawn fancy trim patterns picked out in white on the upper levels as frieze bands. The white stucco fireplace chimney dominates the present entry elevation, offset around the window above the fireplace.</p><br>
<p>The hotel features a large lobby near the northeastern end which faces southeast, centered on a large stone fireplace set in an inglenook recess on the south wall, surmounted by a large window. The lobby is three stories tall, decorated with skins and taxidermy mounts of native species acquired or trapped by John Lewis, who supplemented the hotel business by trapping, often in the park. There are balconies on the second floor to either side, and on the second and third floors at the rear of the lobby. The building&#39;s heavy timber frame is exposed in this area. Stairways to the upper levels feature natural burled log elements. This element is flanked by guest room sections with perpendicular gables on either side. Guest rooms are primarily on the two upper levels. The dining room is to the southwest of the lobby on the main floor in a 1-1/2 story wing, facing the lake, with a 1-1/2 story kitchen wing adjoining. The exterior features balconies on all elevations on the guest room levels and porches on the ground levels. Exposed framing is a mixture of sawn heavy timbers and log framing, often with the bark remaining. Sawn railings with decorative patterns have replaced some of the log railings on the balconies. Log railings remain in the upper levels of the lobby.</p><br>
<p>Parts of the dining room may have been the first component of the present hotel to be built. The dining wing was found to be a compilation of several smaller structures during the 1980s renovations, with an entry on an upper level overlooking the main room. Renovation work adjusted the elevation of the entry drive, which had previously been near the level of the second floor windows, to be only slightly above the ground floor elevation.</p><br>
<p>Many of the original furnishings have remained with the lodge. A number of hickory chairs with log frames are original, as are the piano and a large table and many of the trophies. Other furnishings are reproductions of Old Hickory and Roycroft pieces, while rugs are reproductions of Gustav Stickley originals. The hanging lanterns are reproductions of original work made by Kanai craftsmen for the Prince of Wales Hotel in Waterton Lakes National Park, Canada, which had been moved to Lake McDonald in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The Lake McDonald Hotel was designated a National Historic Landmark on May 28, 1987, and is contained within the larger Lake McDonald Lodge Historic District, which had been listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 22. 1978.</p><br>
<p>Grafton National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in Grafton, Taylor County, West Virginia. It encompasses a total of 3.2 acre. Along with West Virginia National Cemetery, it is one of two United States Department of Veterans Affairs national cemeteries in West Virginia, both of which are located in Grafton. The first interments took place in 1867 for casualties of the American Civil War in West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The Grafton cemetery is closed to most new interments due to inadequate space. Interments are made at nearby West Virginia National Cemetery since it was dedicated in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1867, the United States Department of War directed Major R. C. Bates to find a location to bury remains of Union casualties of the American Civil War throughout West Virginia. West Virginia was a member of the Union, after seceding from the rest of Confederate Virginia and forming a new state in 1863.</p><br>
<p>Bates found a site adjacent to the town of Grafton&#39;s Maple Avenue Cemetery, where many soldiers had already been buried. The terrain was also relatively level, unusual for the mountainous region. The 39th Congress appropriated a 3 acre site that same year.</p><br>
<p>The first interments were held in the lower two terraces: 1,252 Union soldiers, 613 of which were unknown, were buried. Remains from temporary graves in Clarksburg, Grant County, Fayette County, Kanawha County, Marion County, Rich Mountain battle site, and Wheeling, as well as several Union dead from Kentucky were relocated to the National Cemetery. Additionally, some Confederate soldiers were buried.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contains the burial site of Thornsbury Bailey Brown, believed to have been the first Union casualty of the Civil War. Brown was believed to have been killed on May 22, 1861 when he refused to acknowledge a Confederate sentry. Brown is said to have shot the Confederate in the ear, and was then shot in the heart. Brown was reinterred at Grafton in 1903 in Section F, Grave 1226. In 1904, the Grand Army of the Republic dedicated a 12 ft memorial marble obelisk.</p><br>
<p>The three-acre site sits along Grafton&#39;s Walnut Street. It is surrounded by a stone wall approximately 3 ft high, with entrance gates on three of the sides. A walkway and series of stairs divides the site in half, running from the Walnut Street entrance to the rear entrance. Smaller walkways are laid out perpendicular to the central path, dividing the cemetery into six sections on three leveled terraces. A large flag pole sites in the middle of the central terrace, while next to it is a plaque containing wording from an 1875 act of Congress regarding the preservation of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>On the lower terrace are two more plaques that contain the wording of Theodore OHara poem, Bivouac of the Dead. Along the edges of the cemetery are five additional memorial sites dedicated to cenotaphs for service men whose bodies were not recovered, either from sea or elsewhere. The grave markers on the two upper levels are uniform small, white, rectangular stones with arched tops, while the bottom level contains private, individual markers.</p><br>
<p>Two buildings have stood on the cemetery grounds. A Superintendents Lodge designed by General Montgomery C. Meigs stood until it was demolished in 1957. The modern caretakers house, a -story stone building, was constructed c. 1900 and later served as an administrative building.</p><br>
<p>By the 1960s the Grafton cemetery had limited free space for burials. West Virginia veterans groups began lobbying for a new national cemetery after a 1975 study determined the limited remaining space at Grafton was too steep or costly to use. The West Virginia United Veterans National Cemetery Committee was established and sought to pressure the governor and federal government representatives to seek a new national cemetery. In 1987, the 58 acre West Virginia National Cemetery opened nearby. The Grafton cemetery closed to most new interments. The cemetery offers interment for veterans or eligible family members in existing gravesites.</p><br>
<p>Grafton National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 2, 1982. In addition to the two cemeteries, Grafton holds the longest ongoing annual Memorial Day celebration in the country, first decorating the graves of soldiers in 1867.</p><br>
<p>Black River is a 15.5 mi river in Alcona County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The main branch rises in northern Harrisville Township at {{coord|44|40|46|N|83|22|15|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=Black River }} and flows north through Haynes Township and Alcona Township and empties into Lake Huron at {{coord|44|48|58|N|83|17|57|W|}} at the unincorporated community of Black River.</p><br>
<p>The north branch rises in Sanborn Township in southern Alpena County at {{coord|44|52|07|N|83|22|06|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=North Branch Black River (source)}}. A large portion of its drainage basin is known as the Black River Swamp. The north branch joins the main branch in Alcona Township approximately 1.5 mi from the mouth at {{coord|44|48|23|N|83|19|33|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=North Branch Black River (mouth)}}.</p><br>
<p>Tributaries (from the mouth):</p><br>
<p>* North Branch Black River</p><br>
<p>** Potvin Lake</p><br>
<p>** Gauthier Creek</p><br>
<p>** DeRocher Creek</p><br>
<p>** Butternut Creek</p><br>
<p>*** Liston Creek</p><br>
<p>* Silver Creek</p><br>
<p>* Haynes Creek</p><br>
<p>During the lumber boom, the town was formerly the local headquarters for Russell A. Alger&#39;s lumber company. The house on Lake Shore Road (just north of the bridge on the west side) was removed in 2009; although Alger Street runs adjacent to the river.</p><br>
<p>Black River is a 4.2 mi river in the southwest part of the U.S. state of Michigan that empties into Lake Michigan in South Haven at {{coord|42|24|08|N|86|17|04|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=Black River }}, where it discharges past the South Pier Lighthouse. The river takes its name from the dark brown color of its water, which is caused by suspended sediments and organic materials picked up along its course. The river supports a variety of wildlife including trout, snapping turtles, leeches, and many other varieties of flora and fauna. The Black River watershed encompasses 287 square miles across two counties and 13 townships.</p><br>
<p>The main course of the river is formed by the confluence of the North Branch Black River and Middle Branch Black River at {{coord|42|25|57|N|86|14|00|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=Black River (source)}}, northwest of South Haven. The South Branch Black River joins the main course at {{coord|42|25|04|N|86|15|01|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=Black River (source)}}.</p><br>
<p>The North Branch Black River is formed out of the Black River Drain, which rises out of a complex of drains including the Leverich Drain and North State Road Drain in Clyde Township and Ganges Township in Allegan County. The Middle Branch Black River is formed by the junction of the Little Bear Lake Drain and Melvin Creek at {{coord|42|25|04|N|86|15|01|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=Middle Branch Black River (source)}} in southern Lee Township, near the boundary with Van Buren County. The South Branch Black River is formed by the junction of the Lower Jeptha Lake Drain and the Black River Extension Drain at {{coord|42|20|10|N|86|02|19|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=South Branch Black River (source)}} in Columbia Township near Breedsville.</p><br>
<p>About three miles above its mouth on Lake Michigan, the river forks, with the South Branch draining Van Buren County. Less than three miles further upstream, the river forks again into the Middle and North Branches. The Middle branch drains areas of both Van Buren and Allegan counties, and the North Branch watershed is entirely in Allegan County.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>From the mouth:</p><br>
<p>* (right) South Branch Black River</p><br>
<p>** (left) Butternut Creek</p><br>
<p>*** (left) Tripp and Extension Drain</p><br>
<p>** (right) Cedar Creek</p><br>
<p>** (left) Eastman Creek</p><br>
<p>*** (left) Picture Lake</p><br>
<p>*** (right) Moon Lake</p><br>
<p>** (right) Merriman Lake</p><br>
<p>*** School Section Lake</p><br>
<p>** Maple Creek</p><br>
<p>*** (left) Cedar Drain</p><br>
<p>*** (right) Nelson Extension Drain</p><br>
<p>** Great Bear Lake Drain</p><br>
<p>*** Great Bear Lake</p><br>
<p>**** Haven and Max Lake Drain</p><br>
<p>**** Max Lake</p><br>
<p>***** Mill Lake</p><br>
<p>***** Munn Lake</p><br>
<p>** (left) Lower Jeptha Lake Drain</p><br>
<p>*** Lower Jeptha Lake</p><br>
<p>**** Upper Jeptha Lake</p><br>
<p>** (right) Black River Extension Drain</p><br>
<p>*** (left) South Scott Lake</p><br>
<p>**** (right) Abernathy Lake</p><br>
<p>***** (left) Max Lake</p><br>
<p>**** (left) North Scott Lake</p><br>
<p>* Middle Branch Black River</p><br>
<p>** (right) Spicebush Creek</p><br>
<p>** (left) Scott Creek Drain, also known as Scott Creek</p><br>
<p>*** (left) Elm Creek Drain, also known as Elm Creek</p><br>
<p>*** Lower Scott Lake</p><br>
<p>**** Upper Scott Lake</p><br>
<p>** Barber Creek, also spelled Barbor Creek</p><br>
<p>*** (right) Lester Lake</p><br>
<p>**** (right) Mud Lake</p><br>
<p>*** (right) Coffee Lake</p><br>
<p>*** Saddle Lake</p><br>
<p>** Spring Brook</p><br>
<p>*** Spring Brook Lake</p><br>
<p>** (left) Osterhout Lake</p><br>
<p>** (left) Melvin Creek</p><br>
<p>*** Deer Lake</p><br>
<p>**** Lake Moriah</p><br>
<p>***** (left) Mud Lake</p><br>
<p>** (right) Little Bear Lake Drain</p><br>
<p>*** (left) Lake Eleven</p><br>
<p>*** Lake Fourteen</p><br>
<p>* North Branch Black River</p><br>
<p>** Black River Drain</p><br>
<p>*** (right) Ockford Drain</p><br>
<p>*** (left) Beaver Dam Drain</p><br>
<p>*** (left) North State Road Drain</p><br>
<p>**** Hutchins Lake</p><br>
<p>*** Leverich Drain</p><br>
<p>Kintla Peak  is located in the Livingston Range, Glacier National Park in the USA state of Montana. Kintla Peak is the tallest mountain in the Livingston Range and the third tallest in Glacier National Park. The mountain is in the remote northwest corner of the park and requires a hike of almost 15 mi from the nearest road just to reach the base of the mountain. The Agassiz Glacier lies below the mountain to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>Kintla Peak is named after the Kintla Lakes where Kintla originates from the Kootenai word for "sack". Kootenai legend states that a man had apparently drowned in one of the lakes which likened the lake to a sack where "once you got in, you couldn&#39;t get out".</p><br>
<p>Kintla Peak is notable for its large rise above local terrain; nearby Upper Kintla Lake is only 4,370 ft in elevation. (Kintla Peak&#39;s northern neighbor Kinnerly Peak has an even more dramatic drop to Upper Kintla Lake.) This helps make Kintla "the most arduous climb in the northwest section of the park". The standard route is the Southeast Ridge Route, from the Agassiz Glacier basin. This route has a long approach and a large total vertical gain, and involves rock scrambling up to Class 4, in addition to some climbing on snow, depending on the season. Other routes include the East Ridge, West Face, and Upper North Face routes.</p><br>
<p>Staunton National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the Shenandoah Valley, in Staunton, Virginia. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses just over a single acre, and as of the end of 2005 had 994 interments. It is closed to new interments, and is maintained by the Culpeper National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designated a National Cemetery in September 1868, the original interments consisted of the remains of Union soldiers removed from Staunton&#39;s Thornrose Cemetery, several local battlefields, and nearby towns and counties. Many were soldiers who died during the American Civil War at the Battle of Cross Keys, Battle of Port Republic, and the Battle of Piedmont. More than 500 of these soldiers were reinterred as unknowns.</p><br>
<p>Staunton National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Captain Nicolae Dunca (1837–1862), a Union officer on the staff of Gen. John C. Fremont and a Romanian by birth, who was killed while carrying a dispatch during the Battle of Cross Keys.</p><br>
<p>Lexington National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Lexington, Kentucky. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses less than 4050 square meters , and as of 2014 had approximately 1,700 interments. It is closed to new interments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lexington National Cemetery was originally a military section of the Lexington Cemetery which was first used to inter American Civil War casualties in 1861. After the war, several makeshift battlefield cemeteries had their remains moved to Lexington. In 1863, the lot was officially designated a National Cemetery, and in 1867, an additional 1500 square meters (0.38 acres) were purchased by the federal government to increase the lot to its current size.</p><br>
<p>Lexington National Cemetery was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Granite Park Chalet is located in the heart of Glacier National Park in the USA state of Montana at an elevation of 6,693 feet above sea level. The chalet was built in 1914 by the Great Northern Railway and is a National Historic Landmark contributing property, being one of five structures in the</p><br>
<p>Great Northern Railway Buildings district. From Logan Pass along the Going-to-the-Sun Road, the chalet is a moderate 7.6 mi hike along the famed Crown of the Continent Highline Trail, usually referred to simply as the Highline Trail. Much of the trail passes through the scenic Garden Wall section of the park, immediately west and parallel to the Continental Divide. The chalet is also accessible via the Loop Trail (4 mi, 2,200 ft elevation gain) and the Swiftcurrent Trail (7.5 mi, 2,300 ft elevation gain). The trails are for hikers and horseback riders only; no vehicle access is provided. Granite Park Chalet is a limited services facility and those that spend the night make use of the full service kitchen to cook their own meals.</p><br>
<p>Snow Dome is a mountain located on the Continental Divide in the Columbia Icefield, where the boundary of Banff National Park and Jasper National Park meets the border of Alberta and British Columbia in Canada.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named in 1898 by J. Norman Collie because its permanently snow and ice-capped massif resembles a dome.</p><br>
<p>The mountain, reaching a height of 3,456 m, is possibly a hydrological apex of North America, depending on the definition of the boundary between the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, and of which of those hydrographic regions Hudson Bay is considered to be a part. (The other apex is Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park, Montana, United States.) At any rate, it is a major triple divide between three great drainage basins. Water falling on Snow Dome&#39;s summit may flow into streams that drain into the Pacific Ocean (via Bryce Creek, the Bush River and the Columbia River), the Arctic Ocean (via the Sunwapta and Athabasca Rivers), and Hudson Bay (via the North Saskatchewan River). The Dome Glacier flows to the north-east, the Stutfield Glacier to the north-west, the Columbia Glacier to the west and Athabasca Glacier flows to the east of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Estuary of Bilbao  lies at the common mouth of the rivers Nervion, Ibaizabal and Cadagua, that drain most of Biscay and part of Alava in the Basque Country, Spain. In this instance, the Spanish word estuario is used to describe what in English would normally be called part estuary, part tidal river. The estuary becomes a tidal river which extends 16 km into the city of Bilbao, starting from the Bilbao Abra bay. It hosts the port of Bilbao throughout its length, although the Port Authority has recently restored most of the upper reaches to Bilbao and other municipalities for their urban regeneration. The port is now being transferred to the seaboard on the coast at Santurtzi and Zierbena.</p><br>
<p>Downstream from Bilbao the river divides its metropolitan area in its left bank (Barakaldo, Sestao, Portugalete and Santurtzi and its right bank (Erandio, Leioa and Getxo).</p><br>
<h2>The recovery of the estuary</h2><br>
<p>The estuary and tidal river of Bilbao have always been a significant part of the city. Bilbao was born 700 years ago on the banks of the river Nervión as a trading village. It gradually expanded downstream until arriving at the sea.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, the river reached high levels of contamination because of the industrial activities during the past century.</p><br>
<p>see page:http://bilbaoenconstruccion.com/2010/07/06/bilbao-recupera-su-alma-plan-integral-de-saneamiento-de-la-ria/</p><br>
<p>The Cadagua or Kadagua River  drains the Biscayan area of Encartaciones , from the Castilian valley of Mena to Barakaldo and Bilbao, where it forms the border between these municipalities and ends at the Estuary of Bilbao. Another important town that this river crosses is Balmaseda.</p><br>
<p>The river takes its name from the small village where is located its first spring. Cadagua village is located in Valle de Mena (Burgos, Spain) surrounded by the beautiful landscape of "La Peña" mountains.</p><br>
<p>Four small hydropower plans produce electricity thanks to the river Cadagua. Until the last decades of the 20th century, this water power was also used by several mills that can be nowadays seen by the river basin.</p><br>
<p>Cadagua is a company which takes its name from this river. This company designs, plans and builds water treatment plants in order to improve the environment.</p><br>
<p>The Biafo Glacier  is a 67 km long glacier in the Karakoram Mountains of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan which meets the 49 km long Hispar Glacier at an altitude of 5,128 m at Hispar La  to create the world&#39;s longest glacial system outside the polar regions. This highway of ice connects two ancient mountain kingdoms, Nagar, in the west with Baltistan in the east. The traverse uses 51 of the Biafo Glacier&#39;s 67 km and all of the Hispar Glacier to form a 100 km glacial route.</p><br>
<p>The Biafo Glacier presents a trekker with several days of strenuous boulder hopping, with views throughout and Snow Lake near the high point. Snow Lake, consisting of parts of the upper Biafo Glacier and its tributary glacier Sim Gang, is one of the world&#39;s largest basins of snow or ice in the world outside the polar regions, up to 1,600 m in depth.</p><br>
<p>The Biafo Glacier is the worlds third longest glacier outside the polar regions, second only to the 70 km Siachen Glacier, India and Tajikistans 77 km long Fedchenko Glacier.</p><br>
<p>Campsites along the Biafo are located off of the glacier, adjacent to the lateral moraines and steep mountainsides. The first three (heading up from the last village before the glacier, the thousand-year-old Askole village) are beautiful sites with flowing water nearby. Mango and Namla, the first two campsites, are often covered in flowers and Namla has an amazing waterfall very near the camping area. Baintha, the third camp site, is often used as a rest day. A large green meadow, it has a few running streams near the camp and many places to spend the day rock climbing or rappelling.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of wildlife can be seen on the trek, including Ibex and the Markhor Mountain Goat. The area is also known for Himalayan brown bears and snow leopards, although sightings are rare.</p><br>
<p>Hispar Glacier  is a 49 km long glacier in the Karakoram Mountains of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan which meets the 63 km long Biafo Glacier at the Hispar La  at an altitude of 5,128 m to create the world&#39;s longest glacial system outside of the polar regions.</p><br>
<h2>Details</h2><br>
<p>This 100 km highway of ice connects two ancient mountain kingdoms, Nagar (immediately south of Hunza) in the west with Baltistan in the east. The extreme steepness of the hillsides and strenuous nature of the boulder hopping on the lateral moraines and hillsides make this route&#39;s upper half the most difficult part of the Biafo - Hispar traverse. Only the Hispar La day includes walking on the Hispar Glacier. The crossing of four major tributary glaciers from the north is most taxing, and potentially high nullah crossings can be dangerous. The views of 7,800 m peaks and of the snow-covered cliffs and mountains on the south side of the glacier are particularly impressive.</p><br>
<h2>Rivers</h2><br>
<p>The Hispar River, a tributary of the Hunza River, rises from the meltwater of the glacier.</p><br>
<p>Lake Ashi, also referred to as Hakone Lake or Ashinoko Lake, is a scenic lake in the Hakone area of Kanagawa Prefecture in Honshū, Japan. It is a crater lake that lies along the southwest wall of the caldera of Mount Hakone, a complex volcano that last erupted in 1170 CE at Owakudani. The lake is known for its views of Mt. Fuji, its numerous hot springs, historical sites, and ryokan. The lake is located on the Tokaido road, the main link between Kyoto and Tokyo. A number of pleasure boats and ferries traverse the lake, providing scenic views for tourists and passengers. Several of the boats are inspired by the design of sailing warships.</p><br>
<p>Most visitors to Lake Ashi stay in one of the hotels or ryokan located in the area to visit some of the local attractions. There is also a campsite at the north end of the lake. Hakone Shrine is a shrine that has been visited by shogun, samurai, and many travelers over the centuries. Large sections of the Old Tokaido road are preserved here. Onshi Park was the summer retreat for the imperial family that is now a public park. Taking the aerial tram Hakone Ropeway to The Great Boiling Valley. From Togendai on Lake Ashi, the Hakone Ropeway aerial tram connects to Sounzan, the upper terminus of the Hakone Tozan Cable Car funicular railway. This in turn connects to the Hakone Tozan Line mountain railway for the descent to Odawara and a connection to Tokyo by the Tōkaidō Shinkansen.</p><br>
<p>The name means "lake of reeds" in Japanese: 芦 (ashi) is "reed", and 湖 (ko) is "lake". The abundance of nature makes it popular with hikers. There are many trails with different levels of challenge.</p><br>
<p>Kurd Mountains or Kurd-Dagh , also called Aleppo Mountain , is a highland region in northwestern Syria and southeastern Turkey. It is located in the Aleppo Governorate of Syria and Kilis Province of Turkey. The Kurd mountain should not be confused with the neighboring Jabal al Akrad  which is located further southwest towards the mediterranean coastline.</p><br>
<h2>Location and description</h2><br>
<p>Kurd Mountains are part of the Limestone Massif of northwestern Syria. The mountains are a southern continuation into the Aleppo plateau of the highlands on the western part of the Aintab plateau. The valley of River Afrin surrounds Kurd Mountains from east and south and separates it from the plain of Aʻzāz and Mount Simeon to the east, and from Mount Harim to the south. The valley of River Aswad separates Mount Kurd from Mount Amanus to the west.</p><br>
<p>In Syria, it is among the four "ethnic mountains" of western Syria, along with al-Ansariyah mountains ("Mountain of the Alawites"), Jabal Turkman ("Mountain of the Turkmens") and Jabal al-Duruz ("Mountain of the Druze").</p><br>
<p>The main town is Afrin (Efrîn in Kurdish), in Syria. The area is known for its olive growing and charcoal production. The majority of the Kurd-Dagh population are Hanafi-Muslims, while most Syrian Kurds are Shafiite-Muslims. Yazidis also have a presence in the region.</p><br>
<p>The Sherefname (1592) asserts that the authority of Kurdish beys of the region was extended to localities in Antakya. In areas in the plains such as Islahiye, Kırıkhan, Reyhanlı, and Kilis, there are vestiges of Kurdish concentration in Kurd-Dagh. While other regions populated by Kurds in Syria faced an influx of Arab immigrants and the campaign of Arabization beginning in 1960s, Kurd-Dagh was spared from Arabization, mainly due to Syria&#39;s different policy based upon good relations with pro-Damascus landowners.</p><br>
<p>The Turkish part was renamed officially as Kurt Dağı ("Wolf Mountain"), with a pun on the Turkish words Kürt (Kurd) and kurt (wolf).</p><br>
<p>In the Syrian part during the 1980s the Kurdish names of most of this region&#39;s villages were changed to Arabic as part of the process of Arabization.</p><br>
<p>Doliche or Dolichiste  was an island noted by ancient geographers in the Mediterranean Sea off the Lycian coast, in Asia Minor, now called Kekova , which is located in present-day Antalya Province, Turkey.</p><br>
<p>Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v.) describes Doliche as an island close to the Lycian coast, on the authority of Callimachus; and he adds that Alexander, in his Periplus of Lycia, calls it Dolichiste. It is mentioned by Pliny (v. 31) and Ptolemy (v. 3). Pliny places it opposite to Chimaera (geography); and both Pliny and Ptolemy name it Dolichiste. Doliche or Dolichiste, is a long island, as the name implies. It lies near the southern coast of Lycia, west of the ruins of Myra, and in front of the spacious bay now named Kekova. The island is a narrow ridge of rock, incapable of yielding a constant supply of water; each house had therefore a tank hollowed in the rock, and lined with stucco. William Martin Leake speaks of the ruins of a large city, with a noble theatre, in a fine harbour formed by a range of rocky islands. But this theatre appears, from what Leake says, to be on the coast of the mainland; and Beaufort observes that the whole of these islands and bays may be included under the general Greek name Kakava. By the 1850s, the island was uninhabited.</p><br>
<p>Black River is a 29.8 mi river on the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. The river flows into the Middle Branch Escanaba River in Ely Township of Marquette County at {{coord|46|23|53|N|87|46|15|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=Black River }} and on into Lake Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The river rises out of Goose Lake in northeast Republic Township at {{coord|46|28|19|N|87|59|46|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=Black River (source)}} and flows generally southeast through north-central Humboldt Township into Ely Township and the Middle Branch Escanaba River.</p><br>
<p>Tributaries (from the mouth):</p><br>
<p>* Bruce Creek</p><br>
<p>** Buto Lake</p><br>
<p>* Tower Lake</p><br>
<p>* Unnamed stream</p><br>
<p>** Nirish Lake</p><br>
<p>** Granite Lake</p><br>
<p>* Unnamed stream</p><br>
<p>** Lake Lory</p><br>
<p>** Mud Lake</p><br>
<p>* Twin Lake</p><br>
<p>* Goose Lake</p><br>
<p>* Perch Lake</p><br>
<p>* Horseshoe Lake</p><br>
<p>Mount Salisbury is a peak in the Fairweather Range of Alaska, 6 miles  southeast of Mount Fairweather. Its east slopes feed one of the northern branches of the Johns Hopkins Glacier, which flows into Glacier Bay. On its western side is a large cirque, shared with Mount Fairweather, Mount Quincy Adams, and Lituya Mountain, which heads the Fairweather Glacier; this flows almost to the Pacific coast at Cape Fairweather.</p><br>
<p>Though not exceptional in terms of absolute elevation, Mount Salisbury does possess great vertical relief over local terrain: for example, the southwest side of the mountain drops over 10,000 ft to the Johns Hopkins Glacier in only five miles.</p><br>
<p>Mount Salisbury is not often climbed, partly due to its proximity to the higher and better-known Mount Fairweather, and partly due to difficult access and the typically bad weather that this range ironically possesses.</p><br>
<p>The Kennedy-Wade Mill, or Wade&#39;s Mill, is a grist mill and national historic district located in Raphine, Virginia and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was originally built c. 1750 by Captain Joseph Kennedy. In 1846 the mill was sold by the Kennedy family to Henry B. Jones, who expanded and improved the mill. After passing to other owners in 1867, the mill was damaged by fire in 1873. It was rebuilt and leased to  James F. Wade, and put back into use in November 1882. The Wade family continued to operate it for four generations. It was bought in 1991 by Jim Young, and is still functioning today. The mill grinds flour using millstones and a 21-foot overshot water wheel. The flour is shipped to restaurants and livestock farmers.</p><br>
<p>Nearby and also part of the Kennedy-Wades Mill Historic District are the millers house and other houses and outbuildings structures forming the small mill community.</p><br>
<p>Pine Flat Lake is an artificial lake in the Sierra Nevada foothills of eastern Fresno County, California and provides the western north-south border to the Sierra- and Sequoia National Forests, about 30 mi east of Fresno. The lake is seasonally open to boaters, campers & hikers.</p><br>
<p>The lake was formed by the construction of Pine Flat Dam on the Kings River in 1954 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and has a storage capacity of 1,000,000 acre.ft. Although primarily designed for flood control, the project also provides for irrigation and groundwater recharge, recreation, and with the completion in 1984 of the Jeff L. Taylor Pine Flat Power Plant, generation of 165 MW hydroelectric power.</p><br>
<p>Infrastructure security measures taken at the dam are greater than at most California dams, and the parapet wall cannot be approached from any direction. A large area in front of the dam that was previously accessible has been closed off, as have some roads and trails.</p><br>
<p>Jordán Pond  is a pond inside city Tábor, South Bohemian Region, the Czech Republic. Built in 1492 it is the oldest dam on area of the Czech Republic.</p><br>
<p>The pond was created by creating earth dam across the Košínský brook (Košínský potok, also known as Tismenice) with purpose to provide drinking water for town inhabitants. Later, it was used for aquaculture and in modern era as a place of recreation. Levee of the pond is 18 metres high, the area is 50 ha, it contains around 3 millions of m of water, deepest point is 12.5 metres below surface.</p><br>
<p>Jordánský brook (Jordánský potok) outflows from the pond, with 18 metres high Jordánský waterfall (Jordánský vodopád) just after the levee. In short distance upstream on Košínský brook, next to hamlet Náchod, lies a smaller dam named Small Jordán (Malý Jordán).</p><br>
<p>In 1991 a road bridge has been built over the pond. The bridge is suspended on single pylon of height 77 m. Length of the bridge is 208.5 m, and it stays 10.5 m above water surface. The bridge became new dominant of the city.</p><br>
<p>Jordan Pond is an oligotrophic tarn in Acadia National Park near the town of Bar Harbor, Maine. It covers 187 acre, with a maximum depth of 150 ft and a shoreline of 3.6 mi.</p><br>
<p>The pond was formed by the Wisconsin Ice Sheet during the last glacial period. It is flanked on the west by Penobscot Mountain and to the northeast by the two mountains known as "The Bubbles". The southern end, and outflow, are limited by the natural Jordan Pond moraine, which has been supplemented by a small dam.</p><br>
<p>The pond has clear water, with visibility normally 46 ft and occasions of up to 60 ft recorded, the deepest in Maine. It serves as the water supply for the village of Seal Harbor. It does not experience dissolved oxygen depletion in the depths of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Some types of boating are permitted, but human beings and pets must stay out of the water.</p><br>
<h2>Park usage</h2><br>
<p>Park officials estimate that roughly 60 percent of park visitors will visit the pond, primarily the tea-house at the southern end, at some point in their stay. The pond is ringed by a walking trail, from which branch off trails to or over several other park features. One of the park&#39;s original carriage trails runs along a ridge adjoining the pond.</p><br>
<p>The Jordan family of Seal Harbor, for whom the pond is named, built a farmhouse near the pond. In the 1870s a restaurant known as the Jordan Pond House was built. Under the management of the McIntires, which ran from 1895 to 1946, the restaurant became a regular location for high society events. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. purchased the restaurant and gave it to the National Park Service. The original building was destroyed by fire in June 1979, and a new building was financed through private fund raising. The Jordan Pond House has a gift shop and a restaurant serving lunch and dinner; it is perhaps best known for its service of tea and popovers both on the enclosed veranda and outdoors on the lawn overlooking the pond.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Jordan Pond was for a period the type locality for the type specimen for the quillwort species described by Alvah Augustus Eaton and formerly known as Isoetes macróspora var. heteróspora or Isoetes heterospora. It was then thought to be located only in this pond. This is now considered to be a synonym for Isoetes lacustris, which is found in both North America and Europe. Four other quillwort species are also found in the lake, along with three species of pondweed, two species each of rushes, bur-reeds, and carnivorous bladderworts, and at least six other species of plants.</p><br>
<p>Fish species in the lake include landlocked Atlantic salmon, lake trout, brook trout, rainbow smelt, four species of minnow, banded killifish, three-spined stickleback, pumpkinseed sunfish, and the American eel. The landlocked salmon, lake trout, smelt, sticklebacks, and at least one species of minnow are known to have been introduced and/or stocked by humans.</p><br>
<p>The Sault Ste. Marie Canal is a National Historic Site of Canada in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Until 1987, the canal was part of the shipping route from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Superior. It includes a lock to bypass the rapids on the St. Marys River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first lock was built in 1798 by the Northwest Trading Company. On July 20, 1814 an American force destroyed the North West Company depot on the north shore of the St. Marys River. Since the Americans were unable to capture Fort Michilimackinac, the British forces retained control of the Sault. The lock was destroyed in 1814 in an attack by USA forces during the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, the United States refused the steamer Chicora, carrying Colonel Garnet Wolseley permission to pass through the locks at Sault Ste Marie. The Wolseley Expedition incident led to the construction of a Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal, which was completed in 1895. This event is now known as the Chicora Incident.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the canal and lock was completed in 1895. At that time it was the largest lock and first electrically operated lock in the world. The canal is about 1.6 km long and originally the lock portion was 274 m long and 18 m wide.</p><br>
<p>On June 9, 1909 the locks were seriously damaged when the Perry G. Walker, owned by the Gilchrist Transportation Co. of Cleveland, Ohio, crashed into the south main gate, forcing it back and allowing the force of water to push the north main gate over. The rush of water threw the Perry G. Walker back and carried two other ships downstream, one of which struck the south main gate, breaking it diagonally in two. The rush of water through the destroyed locks was stopped by activation of the Emergency Swing Dam, allowing repairs to commence. Amazingly, there was no loss of life or injury associated with this disaster, and repairs required only 12 days, with the bridge reopening on June 21, 1909.</p><br>
<p>Due to a wall failure in 1987, the historic lock was shut down indefinitely. A new lock, built within the old lock, was opened in 1998 and is 77 m long, 15.4 m wide, 13.5 m deep, with a 3 m draft. The canal is used for recreational and tour boats; major shipping traffic uses the USA locks.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage Designation</h2><br>
<p>There are several heritage buildings on the site: the administration building, the superintendents residence, the canalmens shelter, the powerhouse and the blacksmith shop, all constructed from red sandstone dug up during the canal&#39;s construction. Most of the original machinery used to operate the lock is also still in place. Another unique feature of the site is the Sault Canal Emergency Swing Dam, the only emergency swing dam left in existence, and the only one to ever be used in an emergency.</p><br>
<p>Guided tours are available in the summer only. The visitor centre is open year round.</p><br>
<p>Many Glacier Hotel is a historic hotel located within Glacier National Park, Montana, United States, on the east shore of Swiftcurrent Lake. The building is designed as a series of chalets, up to four stories tall, and stretches for a substantial distance along the lakeshore. The building has a Swiss alpine theme both on the outside and on the inside. The foundation is made of stone, with a wood superstructure. The outside is finished with brown-painted wood siding, and the window framing and balconies have wood sawn in Swiss jigsawn patterns. On the inside, the four-story lobby is surrounded by balconies, whose railings are patterned after Swiss designs.</p><br>
<p>Construction began at Many Glacier Hotel in 1914 and was finished in just 1 year on July 4, 1915. The Great Northern Railway was establishing a series of hotels and backcountry chalets in the park and the Many Glacier Hotel was the "Gem of the West". This was part of an effort by Louis W. Hill, president of the Great Northern Railway and son of James J. Hill, to establish Glacier National Park as a destination resort and to promote the area as the "American Alps". To this end, Hill chose a Swiss chalet style for the hotels and chalets. The Glacier Park Lodge (previously known as the Glacier Park Hotel) and the Many Glacier Hotel were intended to be the core structures, while the chalets and campgrounds were sited in the backcountry within an easy day&#39;s ride or hike from one of the hotels or another chalet. The chalets were intended to entice visitors to leave the hotels and see the backcountry in a more rustic manner. These chalets were especially used during the early 1900s when the Hotel first opened, and the main attraction in the park was horseback riding. In the early days of Many Glacier Hotel only the rich and famous could afford to stay in this beautiful structure and the rustic chalets throughout the area.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Today, the hotel still maintains its historic character, in part by not placing televisions in guest rooms. Most rooms either have views of Swiftcurrent Lake or the surrounding mountain scenery. Facilities include the Ptarmigan Dining room, the Swiss Room Lounge and Interlaken Lounge, Heidi&#39;s Snack Shop, and Grizzly Track Traders Gift Shop. The hotel is a contributing property in the National Historic Landmark, Great Northern Railway Buildings district. Many Glacier Hotel is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>The main attractions in the area include hiking, boat rides or rentals, or simply enjoying the western environment that Many Glacier provides.</p><br>
<p>The Lake McDonald Lodge Historic District comprises the Lake McDonald Lodge and surrounding structures on the shores of Lake McDonald in the western portion of Glacier National Park in the USA state of Montana. It is centered on the main lodge, which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987, as well as surrounding guest cabins, dormitory buildings, employee residences, utility buildings and retail structures. The district includes several privately owned inholding structures that are considered contributing structures, as well as a number of non-contributing buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Lake McDonald Lodge was built in 1913-1914 by John Lewis as the Lewis Glacier Hotel to replace an earlier structure, the Snyder Hotel. The prominent site on the lakeshore was developed as the major tourist accommodation on the west side of the park. In addition to the rustic Swiss chalet-styled lodge building there are a number of structures built during the early 20th century, including eleven log cabins built in 1907 near the lodge and two more built in 1918. Other buildings in the historic district include the Garden Court, a two-story frame dormitory built in 1927. The two-story frame Cobb House dormitory features rustic interior detailing and a stone fireplace. The log Snyder Hall was built in 1911 as an assembly hall and was converted to a dormitory. The log Soda Fountain, built in 1927, became a recreation hall for employees. Other buildings include the 1909 frame barbershop, a 1922 log caretaker&#39;s residence and a 1922 frame lumber shed. The 1935 McDonald Cabin is a former private residence, built in rustic log construction. The General Store is a chalet-style structure near the main road, built about 1937. The district also includes a 1934 stone bridge over Snyder Creek and six log private residences.</p><br>
<h2>Mission 66</h2><br>
<p>The Lake McDonald Lodge Coffee Shop was originally excluded from the list of contributing structures as a modern intrusion. Several other structures, including a motel unit, gas station and dormitories continue to be regarded as non-contributing to the historic district.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The Lake McDonald Lodge Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 22, 1978, primarily titled as the Lewis Glacier Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Ubinas is an active 5,672 m stratovolcano in the Andes of southern Peru. Until 2006, this stratovolcano had not erupted for about 40 years.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ubinas is located in southern Peru. The upper slopes of the volcano, composed primarily of Pleistocene andesitic lava flows, steepen to nearly 45 degrees. The steep-walled, 1.4 km wide and 150 m deep summit caldera contains an ash cone with a 500 m-wide funnel-shaped vent that is 200 m deep. Debris-avalanche deposits from the collapse of the SE flank of Ubinas extend 10 km from the volcano.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is a composite cone built on a high plateau formed from Oligocene-Miocene (Neogene) ignimbrites and intrusive rocks. Ubinas comprises two edifices that divide two major periods of its eruptive behaviour. The first is the lower volcano under 600 m high, known as Ubinas 1 (eruptive period &gt;376 ka), which collapsed and formed a debris-avalanche deposit as far as 12 km downstream Rio Ubinas. This collapse was followed by an eruption of non-welded ignimbrites, ponding to a thickness of 150 m over 5 km from the summit, and in turn was covered by a 100 m thick ash/pumice deposit. Ubinas 1 is overlain by a steeper cone more than 900 m high, known as Ubinas 2 (eruptive period &lt;376 ka). Ubinas 2 formed the summit caldera, with walls up to 300 m high that consist of hydrothermally altered lava flows and floored by a 20 m thick pile of lapilli and ash-fall layer. This morphology was created by frequent eruptions in the Late Holocene from the younger inner crater. The inner crater is under 200 m high and shows pervasive hydrothermal alteration and abundant fractures. Countless explosive events have taken place inside the summit caldera during the last 9.7 ky, and it has been suggested by Thouret et al. that the caldera be considered gravitationally unstable.</p><br>
<h2>Geologic setting</h2><br>
<p>Ubinas is located 230 km east of the Peru-Chile trench and about 150 km above the Wadati–Benioff zone, where the Nazca plate is subducting at a dip ranging from 20 – 30˚ as characteristic of the CVZ. The steep dip angle of the subducting plate can correspond to a thicker wedge of asthenosphere and therefore a greater source of fertile mantle material. Some volcanologists believe that this variation in dip angle along the Nazca Lines is responsible for activity in the Andean volcanic zones and the areas of inactivity in between them. Ticsani, Ubinas and Huaynaputina sit on a volcanic lineament slightly oblique to the main volcanic front.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are at least three hundred deposits, reflective of explosive eruptions with more differentiated magmas. The latest such eruption occurred between 1000 and 1160 A.D., producing an andesitic pumice-fall deposit which achieved a thickness of 25 cm over 40 km from the summit. Smaller eruptions since have also shown a wide range in composition from mafic to rhyolitic, which may indicate that magma mixing is occurring in the feeding magma chamber.</p><br>
<h2>Activity update</h2><br>
<p>On April 22, 2006, the volcano ended its 40-year hiatus and erupted, producing fumaroles and ash plumes.</p><br>
<p>On April 23, 2006, Peru declared a state of emergency in towns near the volcano.</p><br>
<p>On April 28, 2014, Despite a recent decline in earthquakes, Ubinas Volcano erupted an ash plume on April 28, 2014. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) collected a false-color view of the volcano on the same day.</p><br>
<p>The Hafren Forest lies north-west of Llanidloes, an ancient market town situated in Mid Wales.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The forest covers around 40 km&sup2, and consists mainly of pine and spruce trees. It takes its name from the Afon Hafren (Welsh) which rises in a deep peat bog approximately 800 m outside western boundary of the forest, high on the slopes of Pumlumon, the highest mountain in Mid Wales.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The forest, planted in 1937, is continually changing with felling and planting of trees. The forest is also home to Bronze Age copper and lead mines,</p><br>
<p>most notably "Nant yr Eira" and possibly "Nant yr Rickett".</p><br>
<p>The creation of the forest in 1937 involved the purchase of twelve upland sheep farms, including "Rhyd y Benwch" which is now the location of a car park and picnic area.</p><br>
<p>Although the farms were not left derelict, they could not provide enough accommodation for forest workers in this sparsely-populated area. At first, with the initial small size of the forest, enough workers could be found locally. Later, workers were transported from Llanidloes. This was unsustainable, and in 1948, the Forestry Commission decided to build a village near Staylittle, to house forestry workers. They employed an eminent architect, T. Alwyn Lloyd of Cardiff, to produce plans for a village that would eventually comprise eighty houses, a village shop, school and hall. As a first development, twenty houses were built on the site, with eight more a few miles away: these provided accommodation for half the workers. Construction began in 1949, with the first houses being occupied in 1951. The water supplies for the village, known as Llwyn-y-gog (or Llwynygog), were provided by damming of a nearby stream.</p><br>
<h2>Present day use</h2><br>
<p>Although the forest still produces timber for Natural Resources Wales, it has also developed as a wildlife habitat and as a tourist attraction. The red kite is seen in the area, along with many other birds, plants and animals. There are numerous footpaths, and many bridleways that are popular for mountain biking and horse riding. Published walks include "The Source of The Severn", "Severn Breaks its Neck" and "The Blaenhafren Falls".</p><br>
<p>The Wye Valley Walk finishes at Rhyd y Benwch in the forest.</p><br>
<p>A quarry in the forest is used "explosion studies" by Aberystwyth University&#39;s Combustion Physics Group. This quarry had previously been used by British Aerospace.</p><br>
<h3>Motor sport</h3><br>
<p>The forest is a popular location for many motocross and 4x4 championships and rally events.</p><br>
<p>The forest is regularly used as a stage on the Wales Rally GB. In January 2013 BBC Top Gear used a Bentley Continental driven by Kris Meeke to cover the stage.</p><br>
<p>Lake Casitas is a man-made lake in Ventura County, California, created by the construction of Casitas Dam on Coyote Creek, two miles  before it joins the Ventura River. Santa Ana Creek and North Fork Coyote Creek also flow into the lake. The dam was constructed of earth-fill and was completed in 1959. It is 279 ft and was built by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. The lake has a capacity of 254,000 acre.ft. The dam was built as part of the Ventura River Project and was strengthened in June–December 2000 as a seismic improvement to help withstand earthquakes greater than 6.5. The project provides drinking water and water for irrigation. A secondary benefit is flood control. In the center of Lake Casitas is 2 km Main Island, whose peak rises more than 500 ft from the lake surface.</p><br>
<h2>Regulations</h2><br>
<p>Human contact with the water is prohibited by the Board of Directors at the Casitas Municipal Water District. The board states that since the Lake is used for drinking water, body contact with water is not allowed, but fishing, boating, rowing and camping are permitted. During the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Lake Casitas hosted the canoeing and rowing events. The lake was used as the site for filming the scenes of Camp Greenlake in the 19th century. The lake featured in the 2003 film Holes.</p><br>
<p>The "no body contact with water" lake policy was established by The Casitas Municipal Water District in the 1950s and 1960s because the lake did not have a filtration system in place. In the 1990s a multimillion-dollar filtration system upgrade was made to the Lake Casitas facility. The US Department of the Interior conducted a 10-year study on the lake where allowing body contact with water was explored. The study reported, "The capabilities of the current water filtration system to handle the additional burden of body contact were called into question. The system was shown to exceed current regulatory standards, and would “probably” be sufficient to mitigate body contact pollution as well." The Casitas Municipal Water District has not significantly changed the "no body contact with water" regulations in response to the facilities upgrade.</p><br>
